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Can a President Run Again After Serving 8 Years If He Seats Out 4 Years

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Overview about the term limits in the United States

In the United States, term limits, as well referred to as rotation in function, restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may serve. At the federal level, the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution limits the president of the United States to two four-year terms. Country government offices in some, simply non all, states are term-limited, including executive, legislative, and judicial offices.

Historical background [edit]

The Constitution [edit]

Term limits tin can date dorsum to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity. The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually, as did the ephorate in aboriginal Sparta. The aboriginal Roman Commonwealth featured a system of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a unmarried term of one year, with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years (come across cursus honorum). Co-ordinate to historian Garrett Fagan, office holding in the Roman Republic was based on "limited tenure of function" which ensured that "authority circulated oftentimes", helping to foreclose corruption. An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "most experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of power-property in the aboriginal democracy.[1] Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in the role during antiquity. The debates of that day reveal a want to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient republic.[ citation needed ]

Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms by setting terms at one twelvemonth's length and holding "that no person exist chosen Governor above in one case in ii years."[ii] Presently afterwards independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 gear up maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at "iv years in seven".[3] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the ramble convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, only also because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was equanimous of twelve citizens elected for the term of 3 years, followed past a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]

The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Commodity Five that "no person shall be capable of existence a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years."[5]

On October two, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of regime for the impending marriage of united states. Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to forbid every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing likewise long in office the members of the Continental Congress".[6] The commission fabricated recommendations, which equally regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Manufactures of Confederation (1781–89). The fifth Commodity stated that "no person shall be capable of being a consul [to the continental congress] for more than iii years in whatsoever term of vi years".[a]

Term limits in the Constitution [edit]

In dissimilarity to the Articles of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.S. Constitution of 1789. At the convention, some delegates spoke passionately against term limits such as Rufus Male monarch, who said "that he who has proved himself to be near fit for an Function, ought not to exist excluded by the constitution from holding information technology."[7] The Electoral College, it was believed by some[ who? ] delegates at the convention, could take a role to play in limiting unfit officers from continuing.

When the states ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect, especially, they thought, equally regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "well-nigh highly and dangerously oligarchic".[viii] Both Jefferson[9] and George Mason[10] brash limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, because said Bricklayer, "zero is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government equally a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of role in the aforementioned easily for life; which past a little well-timed bribery, volition probably be done".[11]

Presidential term limits 1789-1952 [edit]

Korzi (2013) says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a 2-term limit for the Presidency. He only meant he was besides worn out to personally continue in part.[12] It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808. He made many statements calling for term limits in 1 form or another.[b]

The two-term limit tradition was maintained for 132 years. It was unsuccessfully challenged past Ulysses Grant in 1880,[13] Theodore Roosevelt in 1912,[14] and Woodrow Wilson in 1920.[fifteen] Franklin D. Roosevelt successfully broke it in 1940, citing the outbreak of World War II.[16] The two Roosevelts are the simply presidents to run for a third term in a general election; Grant and Wilson merely sought to gain their parties' nomination. Franklin Roosevelt was re-elected in 1944 for a fourth term amidst the U.s.a.' engagement in World State of war Ii, just died before long subsequently in office. The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in constabulary the two-term limit—although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry S Truman, Franklin Roosevelt'south successor. Truman declined to run for a third term in 1952.

The fact that "perpetuity in office" was not approached until the 20th century is due in office to the influence of rotation in function as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in part enjoyed such normative support, especially at the local level, that it altered political reality.[17] [c]

During the United states Ceremonious War, the Constitution of the Confederate States limited its president to a unmarried vi-year term. Only Jefferson Davis served every bit Confederate President, and he did not consummate a total term in function earlier surrendering to the Union.

Era of incumbency [edit]

The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Ceremonious State of war. Information technology took a generation or so before the direct primary organisation, ceremonious service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in role as a common political practice. By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into total swing.[ citation needed ]

A full of viii presidents served two full terms and declined a 3rd and three presidents served one full term and refused a second. Later on Globe War II, even so, an officer course had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Courtroom, where tenure is for life.[ citation needed ]

Term limits move [edit]

A movement in favor of term limits took hold in the early on 1990s, and reached its apex in 1992-94, a period when 17 states enacted term limits through land legislation or state constitutional amendments.[18]

Many of the laws enacted express terms for both the state legislature and in the state's delegation to Congress; as they pertain to Congress, these laws were struck downwards every bit unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. 5. Thornton (1995), in which the court ruled, on a 5–4 vote, that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.[18] [xix]

Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood courtroom challenges, term limits go on to garner popular back up. As of 2002, the advocacy grouping "U.Southward. Term Limits" found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent.[twenty]

Federal term limits [edit]

Part Term limits
President Limited to existence elected to a full of 2 four-yr terms. A President by succession who completes more than ii years of a one-time President's unfinished term may exist elected in their own right just in one case, and 2 more than iv-year terms are permitted if they consummate two years or less. Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for instance, if they are Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment confidence.[21]
Vice President Unlimited 4-year terms
House of Representatives Unlimited two-twelvemonth terms
Senate Unlimited half-dozen-yr terms
Supreme Courtroom No term limits, appointed to serve "during good behavior"[22] (but tin can exist impeached and removed from function for "high Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in practice a Justice serves until death, resignation, or retirement.

Equally of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive co-operative and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are not subject to election or to term limits. The U.South. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits.

President [edit]

"4 more years" redirects here. For the documentary, see Four More than Years.

George Washington's decision in 1796 not to run for a third term has frequently been given credit as the start of a tradition that no president should ever run for a tertiary term.[23] Washington wanted to retire when his first term ended in 1792 but all his advisors begged him to represent reelection. By 1796 he insisted on retiring, for he felt exhausted, and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity. His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would not run for a third term, and goes on to requite a cracking bargain of political advice, but information technology does not mention term limits. After his death, his refusal to run was explained in terms of a "no-third-tradition". Crockett (2008) argues, "The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree. Contrary to popular belief, however, that pedigree does non brainstorm with George Washington."[24] The Second President, John Adams, lost re-election in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson himself declined re-election to a third term, attributing the precedent to Washington.[25]

In the 1780s, well-nigh half the states provided term limits for governors.[26] The Ramble convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided non to found presidential term limits. "The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention," Washington wrote in 1788, "and to my full convictions ... I tin encounter no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of whatsoever man, who on some great emergency shall exist deemed universally, most capable of serving the Public", even subsequently serving two terms. The Constitution, Washington explained, retained sufficient checks confronting political corruption and stagnant leadership without a presidential term limits provision.[27] Jefferson, however, strongly endorsed a policy of term limits. He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a tertiary term in 1808, telling several state legislatures in 1807-1808 that he needed to support "the audio precedent fix by [his] illustrious predecessor."[25]

A political cartoon showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt's highly controversial run for a tertiary term in 1912

In 1861, the Confederate States of America adopted a half-dozen-twelvemonth term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the Civil War, nigh notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address. Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876, but he refused. He did try to win the 1880 nomination, but was defeated in office because of popular anti-third-term sentiment.[28] Theodore Roosevelt had already served over 7 years and in 1912, later a four-year hiatus, ran for a third term. He was violently criticized and was most killed past John Flammang Schrank for doing so.[29] The 1912 election was ultimately won by Woodrow Wilson.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the only president to be elected more than twice, having won a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944 (though he died in office iii months into his fourth term). This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit past alteration the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the 20-2d Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice". The new Subpoena explicitly did non utilize to the incumbent president, Harry Southward. Truman. Notwithstanding, Truman declined to seek re-election to a 3rd term in 1952.[30]

Congress [edit]

Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch, first elected in 1976, expressing reservations regarding term limits (dated February ten, 2011)

Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in eight of these states canonical the congressional term limits by an boilerplate electoral margin of two to one.[31] It was an open question whether states had the constitutional dominance to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.Southward. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.

In the 1994 elections, role of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. After winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a ramble amendment to the Firm floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to six 2-year terms.[32] Notwithstanding, this rate of rotation was then slow (the life-tenured Supreme Court averages virtually xvi years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered little support amidst the populist backers of term limits, including U.South. Term Limits, the largest individual system pushing for congressional term limits.[d] The nib got only a bare majority (227–204), falling short of the two-thirds majority (290) needed for constitutional amendments.[33] Iii other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes.[e]

Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit movement was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (equally distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in force, however, in 15 states.[34] [35]

In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the argue over term limits past arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level too. He specifically put forth the thought of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention exist used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt whatsoever subpoena that limits its own power.

Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. Information technology is confirmed that in the following 5 states—and there may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:

  1. South Dakota Legislature (designated equally POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) canonical in 1989, South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Record of Apr iv, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
  2. Hawaii Senate (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. Firm of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral only (encounter Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at page 22655) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to exist correctly referred to the Commission on the Judiciary—and fifty-fifty then, its text was non provided in the Congressional Record); back in 1990, Hawaii's Due south.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.South. House of Representatives, and was designated as Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June half-dozen, 1990, at pages thirteen,262 and thirteen,263) merely the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce—and its text is Not provided in the Congressional Record;
  3. Utah Legislature (designated equally POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 (see Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at page 26033, with verbatim text provided) information technology took four years for this resolution to find its mode into the U.Southward. Senate'southward portion of the Congressional Record;
  4. Idaho Legislature (designated equally Memorial 401 in the U.South. House of Representatives) canonical in 1992, Idaho Senate Articulation Memorial No. 116 (meet Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text Non provided in the Congressional Tape); and
  5. Florida Legislature (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (see Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at folio S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a bit further, on Feb x, 2016, Florida lawmakers canonical Business firm Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Commodity V of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to set up a ramble subpoena that would establish term limits upon members of Congress.

Supreme Court [edit]

Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the Usa. Currently, Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life "during good behavior". A sentiment has adult, amid sure scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is well-nigh in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[36] Equally, scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context.[37] Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore have allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before.[36] [37] Steven 1000. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of police at Northwestern University, argued that because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average 26.1 years betwixt 1971 and 2006, the "efficacy of the democratic cheque that the appointment process provides on the Court'south membership" is reduced.[36] There accept been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Law at Duke University Paul Carrington's "Supreme Court Renewal Deed of 2005".[38]

Many of the proposals middle around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years to 25 years in length. (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia, suggested between xv and 18 years).[36] [37] [38] [39] The staggered term limits of 18 years proposed past Calebresi & Lindgren (2006) and Carrington & Cramton (2005) would allow for a new engagement to the Court every ii years, which in result would allow every president at to the lowest degree two appointments.[37] Carrington has argued that such a measure out would non require a constitutional amendment as the "Constitution doesn't fifty-fifty mention life tenure; it simply requires that justices serve during 'adept behaviour' ".[37] The idea was endorsed among Judges, as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court every bit Main Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices accept served out their proposed 18-year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, decease, or removal.[36] [37]

Fairleigh Dickinson University'south PublicMind Poll measured American voters' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Courtroom reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a bulk of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, every bit 82% reported they had heard little or nothing at all.[40] Notwithstanding a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans canonical of limiting terms to xviii years, while 35% disapproved.[twoscore] When asked how onetime is too quondam for a Supreme Courtroom gauge to serve if he seems healthy, 48% said "no limit as long as he is healthy", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is as well quondam.[40]

Some land lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices likewise as of judges of federal courts beneath the Supreme Court level. While there might be others, below are three known examples:

  1. In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the field of study (appearing in the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided);
  2. In 1978, the Tennessee General Associates adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject field (designated as POM-612 past the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437); and
  3. In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject (designated as POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).

State term limits [edit]

Term limits for land officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of authorities of the same year, both authored past William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial quango—the upper business firm of the colonial legislature.[41] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a unmarried three-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware tin can serve 2 four-year terms.

Gubernatorial term limits [edit]

U.S. gubernatorial term limits as of 2014

Governors of 36 states[42] and 4 territories are subject to diverse term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of terms. Each state'due south gubernatorial term limits are prescribed past its country constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and past statute in American Samoa.

Uniquely, Virginia prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms, although former governors are eligible to serve once again equally governor after a specified menstruum (currently, four years) out of office. Several other states formerly had this "no succession" rule (which was part of Virginia'due south original constitution in 1776), merely all accept eliminated the prohibition except Virginia by 2000 (including Mississippi, which repealed it in 1986, and Kentucky, which repealed it in 1992).[43]

The governors of the following states and territories are limited to 2 consecutive terms, merely are eligible to run again afterward four years out of office: Alabama,[44] Alaska,[45] Arizona,[46] Colorado,[47] Florida,[48] Georgia,[49] Hawaii,[50] Kansas,[51] Kentucky,[52] Louisiana,[53] Maine,[54] Maryland,[55] Nebraska,[56] New Bailiwick of jersey,[57] New United mexican states,[58] North Carolina,[59] Ohio,[sixty] Pennsylvania,[61] Rhode Island,[62] S Carolina,[63] Due south Dakota,[64] Tennessee,[65] Due west Virginia,[66] American Samoa,[67] Guam,[68] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[69]

Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[70] and Oregon[71] are express to serving 8 out of whatsoever 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[72] and Wyoming[73] are limited to 2 terms, serving 8 out of any 16 years.

Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are limited to two terms for life during a person'southward lifetime period: Arkansas,[74] California,[75] Delaware,[76] Michigan,[77] Mississippi,[78] Missouri,[79] Nevada,[fourscore] the Northern Mariana Islands,[81] and Oklahoma.[82] Former Governor of California Jerry Brown, however, served four non-sequent terms because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did non employ to individuals' prior terms.

The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors (or equivalent) in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-twelvemonth terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Due north Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws take since been repealed by the legislature.

Land legislatures with term limits [edit]

Fifteen land legislatures currently have term limits.[83] The earliest state legislative term limit was enacted in 1990, and the virtually recent was enacted in 2000; term limits simply went into upshot years afterwards they were enacted.[83]

  • Arizona Legislature: four consecutive 2-year terms for both houses (viii years). No limit on total number of terms.
  • Arkansas Full general Associates: 12 consecutive years with the option to return afterward a 4 year break. The lifetime limit of xvi years total in either the House or the Senate was repealed by referendum in 2020. (Prior to the 2014 election, the previous limits of 3 two-year terms for Firm members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied).
  • California State Legislature: twelve years full in either Associates or Senate. (For legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of three two-year terms for Assembly members (half dozen years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (8 years) use).
  • Colorado General Associates: four consecutive 2-year terms in the Business firm (8 years) and two consecutive four-year terms in the Senate (eight years). Former members tin can run once again after a four year break.
  • Florida Legislature: may serve no more than viii consecutive years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
  • Illinois Senate: Senate Presidents and Minority Leaders may not serve for more than x years.[84]
  • Louisiana State Legislature: three sequent four-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the opposite torso without having to sit out an election.
  • Maine Legislature: four two-yr terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms
  • Michigan Legislature: iii two-year terms for Business firm members (vi years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
  • Missouri General Associates: four two-year terms for House members (8 years) and 2 iv-year terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected once more to the other business firm, but not serve more sixteen years.
  • Montana State Legislature: four two-year terms for Firm members (eight years) in any 16-yr period and two four-year terms for Senate members (8 years) in any xvi-twelvemonth period.
  • Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members express to two consecutive iv-yr terms (eight years), after which they must wait four years earlier running once again.[85]
  • Nevada Legislature: 6 ii-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and iii four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years).
  • Ohio General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms for Firm members (viii years) and two sequent four-twelvemonth terms for Senate members (8 years).
  • Oklahoma Legislature: Twelve years of total combined service in either the House or the Senate. If a legislator'southward kickoff term is the effect of a special election, that service does not count toward the limit.[86]
  • South Dakota Legislature: 4 consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years).

Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits [edit]

Legislative term limits have been repealed or overturned in six states. Term limits for land legislatures were adopted by Idaho and Utah in 1994, but repealed past their corresponding legislatures in 2002 (Idaho) and 2003 (Utah).[83] Term limits adopted in four states were struck downwards as unconstitutional by the state supreme courts in those states: in Massachusetts, Washington and Wyoming, the court ruled that term limits could not be enacted by statute, and could merely be enacted past an amendment to the country constitution; the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that the Oregon initiative establishing term limits violated the unmarried-discipline rule.[83]

Municipal term limits [edit]

Some localities impose term limits for local office. Among the 20 most populous U.South. cities:

  • There are no term limits in Baltimore, Maryland; Charlotte, N Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Fort Worth, Texas and Indianapolis, Indiana.[87]
  • Term limits of equal length are applied to both mayors and city quango members in Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio in Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Memphis, Tennessee; New York City; and San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose in California.[87]
  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has term limits for the mayor, only not the metropolis quango.[87] The mayor may serve two consecutive terms but there is no limit on the total number of terms.
  • Los Angeles, California and Phoenix, Arizona have term limits for both the mayor and city council, but the term limits for the mayor are stricter than the term limits for the council.[87]

A 2-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York City subsequently a 1993 plebiscite (run into the Charter of the Urban center of New York, § 1138). On Nov 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his 2nd term of mayor, the Urban center Council canonical the extension of the two-term limit to a 3-term limit; one year afterwards, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a plebiscite in 2010.[88] [89]

Impact [edit]

Research shows that legislative term limits increment legislative polarization,[90] reduce the legislative skills of politicians,[91] [92] [93] reduce the legislative productivity of politicians,[94] weaken legislatures vis-à-vis the executive,[95] and reduce voter turnout.[96] Parties answer to the implementation of term limits past recruiting candidates for office on more than partisan lines.[97] States that implement term limits in the state legislatures are associated with besides developing more powerful House speakers.[98]

Term limits have not reduced campaign spending,[99] reduced the gender gap in political representation,[100] increased the diversity of law-makers,[101] or increased the constituent service activities of law-makers.[102] Term limits have been linked to lower growth in revenues and expenditures.[103]

Meet as well [edit]

  • Widow's succession
  • Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
  • List of political term limits
  • Political class
  • 2d Ramble Convention of the United States

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Article IX, paragraph 5, of the Articles of Confederation provided that, "no person be allowed to serve in the part of president more than ane year in any term of four years."
  2. ^ See Family unit Guardian, "Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government".
  3. ^ For a detailed study of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Struble Jr (1979–1980, p. 650). Run across also Struble Jr (2010); Immature (1966).
  4. ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to three 2-year terms.[ citation needed ]
  5. ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by: Democrat John Dingell [12/12 retroactive], rejected 135–297; Republican Bob Inglis [half-dozen/12, not retroactive], rejected 114–316; Republican Van Hilleary [12/12, unretroactive, but defers to more stringent state imposed limits], rejected 164–265; Republican Bill McCollum [12/12 not retroactive and would override more stringent state limits]; approved by less than the requisite ii/three, 227–204; on Feb 12, 1997 Congress did likewise past a margin of 217–211 [50.7%].

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Fagan, Garrett K. (2003) [1999]. The History of Ancient Rome (DVD). The Swell Courses. The Education Company. ...Office-belongings at Rome was based on two important concepts: collegiality and express tenure of office...
  2. ^ "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". avalon.constabulary.yale.edu. Yale Law Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Police Library. Retrieved one May 2015.
  3. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; department viii". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. 18 December 1998.
  4. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; department xix". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Constabulary Library. 18 Dec 1998. On Franklin's programme of 1775, meet Smyth, Albert Henry, ed. (1907). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 6. New York: Macmillan. folio 423, commodity 9.
  5. ^ "Articles of Confederation: March 1, 1781". The Avalon Project. Yale Police Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  6. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 1, p. 411
  7. ^ Crane, Edward H.; Pilon, Roger, eds. (1994). The Politics and Law of Term Limits. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. p. 62. ISBN9781882577132.
  8. ^ Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787: vol 2, pp. 450-455). See as well Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776: vol. i, p.191); Bennett, Walter H., ed. (1978). Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican. Academy of Alabama Press. pp. 72–75, 86.
  9. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 12 p. 440; vol. 13 p. 490. See also Boyd 1950, vol. 15 p. 25 for Jefferson'southward definition of rotation in office.
  10. ^ Eliot, Jonathan, ed. (1836). The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. three. Washington, DC: Regime Printing Office. p. 485.
  11. ^ Otis Warren, Mercy (1981). "Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and Country Conventions 9". In Staring, Herbert J. (ed.). The Complete Anti-Federalist. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Printing. pp. 270–278.
  12. ^ Korzi 2013, pp. 43–44.
  13. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 71–116.
  14. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 144–222.
  15. ^ Pietrusza 2007.
  16. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 317–340.
  17. ^ (Struble Jr 1979–1980, p.650, footnote 6). The quotation is from Henry James, the biographer.
  18. ^ a b John M. Carey, Richard G. Niemi & Lynda W. Powell, Term Limits in Country Legislatures (University of Michigan Press: 2009), pp. one-2.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Bailey, Harry A. (1972). "Presidential Tenure and the Ii-Term Tradition". Publius. two (2): 95–106. doi:x.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038259. JSTOR 3329550.
  • Ballagh, James C., ed. (1911). The Messages of Richard Henry Lee. Vol. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan.
  • Boyd, Julian F., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Crockett, David A. (2008). "An Excess of Refinement: Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 38 (4): 707–721. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02673.10. United States presidential nominating convention
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2009). "Irresolute Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History". White House Studies. viii (3): 357–379.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2013). Presidential Term Limits in American History: Ability, Principles, and Politics. Texas A&One thousand University Publishing. ISBN9781603449915.
  • Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of Six Presidents. New York: Carroll & Graf.
  • Stein, Charles Westward. (1943). The Third-Term Tradition: Its Rise and Collapse in American Politics. New York: Columbia Academy Press.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (Winter 1979–1980). "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (2010). "Rotation in Part, and other autonomous reforms". Treatise on Twelve Lights. Archived from the original on 2016-04-xi.
  • Immature, James South. (1966). The Washington Community, 1800–1828 . New York: Columbia University Press.

Further reading [edit]

  • Kousser, T. (2004). Term Limits and the Dismantling of State Legislative Professionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Printing.
  • O'Keefe, Eric (2008). "Term Limits". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thou Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 504–06. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n308. ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Peabody, Bruce 1000. (2001). "George Washington, presidential term limits, and the trouble of reluctant political leadership". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 31 (3): 439–453. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00180.x.
  • Sigel, Roberta Due south.; Butler, David J. (1964). "The Public and the No 3rd Term Tradition: Research into Attitudes Toward Power". Midwest Journal of Political Science. 8 (1): 39–54. doi:10.2307/2108652. JSTOR 2108652.
  • Stathis, Stephen W. (1990). "The Xx-2nd Amendment: A practical remedy or partisan maneuver". Constitutional Commentary. seven: 61.

External links [edit]

  • National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary
  • Give-and-take on Term Limits

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States

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